1.E.10 The Bacillus subtilis φ29 Holin (φ29 Holin) Family
Phage φ29 gene 14 encodes the late protein GP14 which is required for phage φ29-promoted host cell lysis. When expressed in E. coli, it leads to cell death without lysis. When expressed together with phage φ29 lysozyme or an unrelated murein-degrading enzyme, cell lysis is also observed. Thus, protein 14 is a nonspecific holin in the cytoplasmic membrane of B. subtilis. It is identical to the phage PZA lysis protein and nearly identical to the phage B103 lysis protein. It is 34% identical to the phage GA-1 holin.
This family belongs to the: Holin IV Superfamily .
References associated with 1.E.10 family:
Mondal, A. and A.B. Kolomeisky. (2025). Why Antiholins? Thermodynamic and Kinetic Arguments to Explain the Robustness of Bacteriophage Cell Lysis. J Phys Chem Lett 16: 2920-2926. 40071529
Shi, Y., Y. Yan, W. Ji, B. Du, X. Meng, H. Wang, and J. Sun. (2012). Characterization and determination of holin protein of Streptococcus suis bacteriophage SMP in heterologous host. Virol J 9: 70. 22436471
Steiner, M., W. Lubitz, and U. Bläsi. (1993). The missing link in phage lysis of gram-positive bacteria: gene 14 of Bacillus subtilis phage phi 29 encodes the functional homolog of lambda S protein. J. Bacteriol. 175: 1038-1042. 8432697
Tedin, K., A. Resch, M. Steiner, and U. Bläsi. (1995). Dual translational start motif evolutionarily conserved in the holin gene of Bacillus subtilis phage phi 29. Virology 206: 479-484. 7831803