3.A.20.1.1
The peroxisomal importing translocon with receptors: Pex5p and Pex7p; and receptor facilitator: Pex4p. Peroxisomal biogenesis factor PEX26 is a membrane anchor for the multi-subunit PEX1-PEX6 protein complex that controls ubiquitination and dislocation of PEX5 cargo receptors for peroxisomal matrix protein import. PEX26 associates with the peroxisomal translocation pore via PEX14 (Guder et al. 2018). Luminal peroxisomal proteins are imported from the cytosol by mobile receptors, which then recycle back to the cytosol by a poorly understood process (Feng et al. 2022). Recycling requires receptor modification by a membrane-embedded ubiquitin ligase complex comprising three RING finger domain-containing proteins (Pex2, Pex10 and Pex12). Feng et al. 2022 reported a cryo-EM structure of the ligase complex, which together with biochemical and in vivo experiments reveals its function as a retrotranslocation channel for peroxisomal import receptors. Each subunit of the complex contributes five transmembrane segments that co-assemble into an open channel. The three ring finger domains form a cytosolic tower, with ring finger 2 (RF2) positioned above the channel pore. The N terminus of a recycling receptor is inserted from the peroxisomal lumen into the pore and monoubiquitylated by RF2 to enable extraction into the cytosol. If recycling is compromised, receptors are polyubiquitylated by the concerted action of RF10 and RF12 and degraded. This polyubiquitylation pathway also maintains the homeostasis of other peroxisomal import factors. Thus, a crucial step during peroxisomal protein import is clarified, and it explains why mutations in the ligase complex cause human disease (Feng et al. 2022). Pore forming insertion of PEX5 into horizontal lipid bilayer has been demonstrated (Blum et al. 2023).  Defects in peroxisomal biogenesis proteins (peroxins (PEXs)) cause disease. PEX7 binds proteins containing a type 2 peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS2) to enable their import from the cytosol into peroxisomes. Yeast and human cells have PEX39, a cytosolic peroxin that facilitates the import of PTS2-containing proteins by binding PEX7 and stabilizing its interaction with cargo proteins containing a PTS2. PEX39 and PEX13, a peroxisomal membrane translocon protein, both possess an (R/K)PWE motif necessary for PEX7 binding. Handover of PEX7 from PEX39 to PEX13 via these motifs provides a new paradigm for peroxisomal protein import and biogenesis. Thus, PEX39 and (R/K)PWE motifs facilitate the import of PTS2-containing proteins (Chen et al. 2025).