1.C.41.1.3
The non-hemolytic pore-forming cyto-enterotoxin, Nhe (Fagerlund et al., 2008; Sastalla et al. 2013), a three-partite toxin.  Pore formation and subsequent lysis of target cells caused by Nhe is an orchestrated process comprising three steps: (i) formation of NheB/C oligomers in solution, (ii) attachment of the oligomers to the cell membrane, (iii) binding of NheA to the oligomers (Fox et al. 2020). The benefit of these complexes is more stable cell binding as well as stronger and earlier cytotoxic effects. High molecular mass hetero-oligomers (~620 kDa), probably consist of one NheC and up to 15 NheB. NheBC induces membrane permeability. Formation of stable transmembrane channels with a conductance of about 870 pS and a diameter of about 2 nm due to the application of NheBC could be demonstrated in lipid bilayer experiments (Zhu et al. 2015). Thus, the NheBC complex increases the membrane permeability prior to the emergence of full pores containing also NheA. NHE can induce apoptosis (Liu et al. 2016) and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome (Fox et al. 2020). Bacillus cereus extracellular vesicles act as shuttles for biologically active multicomponent enterotoxins (Sastalla et al. 2013), a three-partite toxin.  Pore formation and subsequent lysis of target cells caused by Nhe is an orchestrated process comprising three steps: (i) formation of NheB/C oligomers in solution, (ii) attachment of the oligomers to the cell membrane, (iii) binding of NheA to the oligomers (Fox et al. 2020). The benefit of these complexes is more stable cell binding as well as stronger and earlier cytotoxic effects. High molecular mass hetero-oligomers (~620 kDa), probably consist of one NheC and up to 15 NheB. NheBC induces membrane permeability. Formation of stable transmembrane channels with a conductance of about 870 pS and a diameter of about 2 nm due to the application of NheBC could be demonstrated in lipid bilayer experiments (Zhu et al. 2015). Thus, the NheBC complex increases the membrane permeability prior to the emergence of full pores containing also NheA. NHE can induce apoptosis (Liu et al. 2016) and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome (Fox et al. 2020). Bacillus cereus extracellular vesicles act as shuttles for biologically active multicomponent enterotoxins (Buchacher et al. 2023).