3.A.2.2.1
H⁺-translocating V-type ATPase. The 3-D structure is known (Lau and Rubinstein, 2012). More recently, Zhou and Sazanov 2019 solved cryo-EM structures of the intact Thermus thermophilus V/A-ATPase in three rotational states with two substates. These structures indicate substantial flexibility between V₁ and V_o in a working enzyme, which results from mechanical competition between central shaft rotation and resistance from the peripheral stalks.