1.A.1.16.2
The intermediate conductance, Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channel, IKCa, Kcnn4, SK4, Sk4, Smik, Ik1 hIK1, IKCa or KCa3.1, also called the Gardos channel, of 543 aas and 6 TMSs. It is inhibited by 1 μM arachidonate which binds in the pore (Hamilton et al., 2003)). Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B (NDPK-B) activates KCa3.1 via histidine phosphorylation, resulting in receptor-stimulated Ca²⁺ flux and T cell activation (Di et al., 2010). It regulates endothelial vascular function (Sonkusare et al., 2012).  Tissue-specific expression of splice variants of the orthologous rat KCNN4 protein have been reported (Barmeyer et al. 2010).  Residues involved in gating have been identified (Garneau et al. 2014). It is also present in the inner mitochondrial membrane where increases of mitochondrial matrix [Ca²⁺] cause mtKCa3.1 opening, thus linking inner membrane K⁺ permeability and transmembrane potential to Ca²⁺ signalling (De Marchi et al. 2009). KCa3.1 (IKCa) channels are expressed in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells and contribute to the slow afterhyperpolarization that regulates spike accommodation (Turner et al. 2016). SK channel activators can compensate for age-related changes of the autorhythmic functions of the cerebellum (Karelina et al. 2017). The activation mechanism has been revealed by the cryoEM structure of the SK4-calmodulin complex (Lee and MacKinnon 2018).  It is responsible for hyperpolarization in some tumor cells (Lazzari-Dean et al. 2019). Mutations are linked to dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (xerocytosis) (Andolfo et al. 2015). This channel is present in mitochondria (Parrasia et al. 2019). KCNN4 promotes the progression of lung adenocarcinoma by activating the AKT and ERK signaling pathways (Xu et al. 2021). KCa3.1 channels in human microglia link extracellular ATP-evoked Ca²⁺ transients to changes in membrane conductance with an inflammation-dependent mechanism, and suggests that during brain inflammation, the KCa3.1-mediated microglial response to purinergic signaling may be reduced (Palomba et al. 2021). Both IK(Ca) and BK(Ca) regulate cell volume in human glioblastoma cells (Michelucci et al. 2023). Lysosomal Ca²⁺ release is sustained by ER→lysosome Ca²⁺ refilling and K⁺ efflux through the KCa3.1 channel in inflammasome activation and metabolic inflammation (Kang et al. 2024).