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1.D.8 The Saponin (Saponin) Family

 

Saponins are antifungal agents found in high levels in healthy plants. They may also have insecticidal, molluscicidal and piscicidal activities. They are glycosylated compounds, widely distributed in the plant kingdom, which can be divided into three major groups, depending on the structure of the aglycone: triterpenoids, steroids, and steroidal glycoalkaloids. Digitonin is a steroid saponin from foxglove. The best studied saponins are from oats and tomatoes. Oats have both triterpenoid saponins (ie avenacins (A-1, B-1, A2 and B2) and steroidal avenacosides (avenacosides A and B). Tomatoes have the steroidal glycoalkaloid, α-tomatine. The toxic action of saponins to fungi is associated with their ability to complex with membrane steroids and cause pore-formation. Plants may protect themselves from their own saponins by sequestering them in vacuoles, the membrane of which have altered sterol compositions.


Glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizic acid or glycyrrhizinic acid) is the chief sweet-tasting constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice) root. Structurally, it is a saponin used as an emulsifier and gel-forming agent in foodstuffs and cosmetics (Li et al. 2010). The absorption enhancement effect of diammonium glycyrrhizinate may be attributed to inhibition of the activity of P-glycoprotein (Chen et al. 2009). Glycyrrhizin is extracted from licorice root and displays a wide spectrum of biological activity. It has been used in traditional medicine since ancient times. Now glycyrrhizin attracts additional attention as a novel multifunctional drug delivery system. Selyutina et al. 2020 have established that glycyrrhizin interaction with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers leads to changes in lipid mobility and the phase transition temperature. A glycyrrhizin molecule can integrate into a lipid bilayer and form stable aggregates.

References associated with 1.D.8 family:

Chen, L., J. Yang, A.K. Davey, Y.X. Chen, J.P. Wang, and X.Q. Liu. (2009). Effects of diammonium glycyrrhizinate on the pharmacokinetics of aconitine in rats and the potential mechanism. Xenobiotica 39: 955-963. 19831503
Li, G., J. Yang, X. Hua, R. Chen, and H. Zhao. (2010). [Transmembrane transport and metabolism of diammonium glycyrrhizinate across rat small intestine in Ussing Chamber]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 35: 2261-2266. 21137333
Osbourn, A.E. (1996). Preformed antimicrobial compounds and plant defense against fungal attack. Plant Cell 8: 1821-1831. 12239364
Selyutina, O.Y., E.A. Shelepova, E.D. Paramonova, L.A. Kichigina, S.S. Khalikov, and N.E. Polyakov. (2020). Glycyrrhizin-induced changes in phospholipid dynamics studied by H NMR and MD simulation. Arch Biochem Biophys 686: 108368. 32315654