1.E.53.1.3
Pore-forming toxic peptide, HokB (Brielle et al. 2016).  Involved in persistence, controlled by ppGpp (Harms et al. 2016).  Causes collapse of the membrane potential leading to dormancy and persistance (Verstraeten et al. 2015). The pore-forming activity leads to leakage of intracellular ATP, which correlates with the induction of persistence. There is a link between persistence and pore activity, as the number of HokB-induced persister cells was strongly reduced using a channel blocker (Wilmaerts et al. 2018).