2.A.3.2.5
Homodimeric electrogenic arginine (Km=80μM):agmatine antiporter, AdiC, involved in extreme acid resistance (Fang et al., 2007; Gong et al., 2003; Iyer et al., 2003). A projection structure at 6.5 Å resolution has been published (Casagrande et al., 2008), and the 3.2 Å resolution X-ray structure was determined by Fang et al., 2009 and Gao et al., 2009. Protonation of glutamate 208 induces release of agmatine in the outward-facing conformation (Zomot and Bahar, 2011). The 3.0 Å structure of an Arg-bound form in an open-to-out conformation completed the picture of the major states of the porter during the transport cycle (Kowalczyk et al., 2011). Aromatic residues may regulate access to both the outward- and inward-facing states (Krammer et al. 2016). Both the glutamate- and arginine (AdiC; TC# 2.A.3.2.5)-dependent acid resistance systems increase the internal pH and reverse the transmembrane potential (Richard and Foster 2004).