1.E.68.  The Holin of Phage SGF2 (H-PSGF2) Family 

Phages and their encoded lytic proteins have great advantages in sterilization, and all exhibited significant potential for reducing bacterial resistance. The bactericidal efficacy of three Shigella phages (SSE1, SGF2, and SGF3) and two lytic proteins (LysSSE1 and HolSSE1). Lu et al. 2023 investigated the bactericidal effects on planktonic bacteria and bacterial biofilms. A combined sterilisation application of antibiotics, phages, and lytic proteins was performed. The results showed that phages and lytic proteins had better sterilization effects than antibiotics with 1/2 minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), and their effect was further improved when used together with antibiotics. The best synergy was shown when combined with β- lactam antibiotics, which might be related to their mechanism of sterilizing action. This approach ensures a bactericidal effect at low antibiotic concentrations (Lu et al. 2023).